Bienestar psicológico, salud mental y pautas percibidasde apego: estudio comparativo entre mexicanos y estadounidenses durante la pandemia COVID 19 / Psychological well-being, Mental health and patterns of perceived attachment: a comparative study between Mexicans and Americans during the COVID 19 Pandemic

Psychological Well-Being, Mental Health and Patterns of Perceived Attachment: A Comparative Study between Mexicans and Americans during the COVID 19 Pandemic. A correlational and comparative study was carried out on Psychological Well-Being, elements of mental health, and Patterns of Perceived Attachment in Childhood as a possible protection variable in the COVID-19 pandemic. The total N was 316, of which 161 were Mexican students and 155 Americans. The instruments used were the Psychological Well-being Scale, the Depression Anxiety Stress Inventory, and the Inventory of Perceived Attachment Patterns During Childhood. The results show higher indicators of mental health impairment in young Mexicans compared to Americans: depression 76% vs 20.24%. anxiety 93% vs 38% and stress 68% vs 12.5%. In addition, average positive correlations were identified between Psychological Well-Being and secure attachment and negative correlations with the other forms of attachment. In the Americans, a low positive association was found between secure attachment and self-acceptance, positive relationships (the highest correlated), and the scale’s total. Similarly, disorganized, anxious, and avoidant attachment patterns are negatively correlated with self-acceptance, positive relationships, mastery of the environment, life purposes, and the total. Therefore, we consider that Patterns of Perceived Attachment in Childhood are associated with the elements of mental health such as: anxiety, depression, and stress, and with the levels of psychological well-being experienced during the pandemic. Finally, suggestions of other mediating and protective variables for future research are offered (AU)

Exposición y Desensibilización a la Violencia en Jóvenes Mexicanos en Distintos Contextos Sociales / Exposure and Desensitization to Violence among Mexican Youth from Different Social Contexts

Resumen El objetivo fue conocer la exposición y desensibilización a la violencia en jóvenes de cinco contextos en distintas instituciones educativas y de readaptación social de la ciudad de San Luis Potosí. Método: se realizó un estudio analítico transversal comparativo de 25 instituciones de educación media superior, ubicados en Zonas Rurales (ZR), en Polígonos de Violencia (PV), Cercanas a Polígonos de Violencia (CPV), en Zonas Alejadas de los Polígonos de Violencia (ZAPV), y en un Centro de Internamiento Juvenil (CIJ) con un total de 1720 participantes; 851 (49.5 %) hombres y 869 (50.5%) mujeres. Resultados: Se encontraron medias significativamente más altas en desensibilización a la violencia en participantes del CIJ, seguidos por participantes de las ZAPV, y al final el ZR. Referente a la exposición a la violencia fue mayor en aquellos provenientes de las ZAPV después en jóvenes del CIJ y finalmente los de ZR. Conclusiones: La desensibilización a la violencia se presenta como consecuencia a la exposición de la violencia y las conductas que atentan contra la seguridad social. Finalmente, se encontró que las actividades artísticas y los padres unidos funcionan como factores de protección contra la desensibilización a la violencia.

Abstract The aim of this research was to measure the exposure and desensitization to violence in young people from five contexts in different educational institutions and a Juvenile Detention Center in the city of San Luis Potosí and its surroundings in Mexico. Desensitization to violence is a phenomenon that is generated due to constant exposure to violence, resulting in a decrease in emotional responses, adverse judgments, and opposition to violent acts, it can lead to a normalization of violent acts and with it a minimization of their seriousness, which promotes positive emotions in the individual such as pleasure, fun or entertainment when exposed to said acts or events. Method: a comparative cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in 25 institutions of higher secondary education, located in rural areas and in polygons identified as violent, near to polygons and far from them, and in a Juvenile Detention Center with a total of 1720 male participants. Results: Significantly higher means were found in desensitization to violence in participants from the internment center, later from those of the areas that were initially identified as far from the polygons of violence, and finally the lowest in the rural context. Regarding exposure to violence, it was higher in those participants far from the polygons of violence, then in young people from the internment center, and finally those from the rural context. In addition, of the three areas analyzed, lower levels of schooling were found in people in a situation of internment. Conclusions: Desensitization to violence occurs as a consequence of exposure to violence and behaviors that threaten social security. Also, it was found that artistic activities and being part of a family, with father and mother together, worked as a protective factor against desensitization to violence. Some plausible explanations for these findings are suggested.

A pilot study of posttraumatic growth training for patients with posttraumatic stress disorder

The aim of the present study was to identify if a training to favor PG in patients with PTSD (PGT) generates improvement compared to only the application of conventional treatment. The instruments applied were: Maladaptation Scale, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Severity Scale, Psychological Well-Being Scale, and Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory. All 10 participants received Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) for PTSD. Two groups were then randomly formed. The PGT was administered to the experimental group and the control group was kept on wait list. The four scales were applied before, after the treatment and again after one year. The experimental group showed an improvement in Psychological Well-Being and was almost statistically significant with respect to PG. However, there were no differences in PTSD symptoms or in maladaptation levels. It is concluded that PGT was effective in increasing psychological well-being for the participants. This study might be improved by increasing the sample size for those who receive PGT be also for PG, which may act as a protective factor against future relapses or other disorders

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